Enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pyogenes con celulitis de manos bilateral: A propósito de un caso / Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease with bilateral cellulitis of the hands: A case report

El Streptococcus pyogenes o estreptococo B hemolítico Grupo A (EßHGA) suele ser una causa poco habitual de enfermedad invasiva en pediatría, la cual ha presentado un aumento en su incidencia en los últimos años. Se define como cualquier infección asociada al aislamiento de dicha bacteria de un sitio normalmente estéril y cuya presentación más frecuente es la bacteriemia. Los pacientes con EßHGA habitualmente se presentan con un sindrome febril asociado a manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas con el sitio primario de infección. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 10 años, sin comorbilidades, que desarrolló enfermedad invasiva por EßHGA con bacteriemia e impacto secundario de piel y partes blandas resultando en una celulitis de manos bilateral

Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an infrequent cause of invasive disease in pediatrics. Its incidence has increased in the last few years. It is defined as any infection associated with the isolation of GAS in a normally sterile site and its most frequent presentation is bacteremia. Patients with GAS bacteremia usually present with a febrile syndrome associated with clinical manifestations related to the primary site of infection. We present the case of a previously healthy, 10-year-old patient, who developed an invasive disease due to GAS with bacteremia and secondary impact of skin and soft tissues that developed in bilateral cellulitis of the hands

Septic Pulmonary Embolism Requiring Critical Care: Clinicoradiological Spectrum, Causative Pathogens and Outcomes

OBJECTIVES: Septic pulmonary embolism is an uncommon but life-threatening disorder. However, data on patients with septic pulmonary embolism who require critical care have not been well reported. This study elucidated the clinicoradiological spectrum, causative pathogens and outcomes of septic pulmonary embolism in patients requiring critical care. METHODS: The electronic medical records of 20 patients with septic pulmonary embolism who required intensive care unit admission between January 2005 and December 2013 were reviewed. RESULTS: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome developed in 85% of the patients, and acute respiratory failure was the most common organ failure (75%). The most common computed tomographic findings included a feeding vessel sign (90%), peripheral nodules without cavities (80%) or with cavities (65%), and peripheral wedge-shaped opacities (75%). The most common primary source of infection was liver abscess (40%), followed by pneumonia (25%). The two most frequent causative pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (35%). Compared with survivors, nonsurvivors had significantly higher serum creatinine, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, and they were significantly more likely to have acute kidney injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation and lung abscesses. The in-hospital mortality rate was 30%. Pneumonia was the most common cause of death, followed by liver abscess. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with septic pulmonary embolism who require critical care, especially those with pneumonia and liver abscess, are associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, surgical intervention and respiratory support are essential.

Costos económicos de neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por Streptococcus pneumoniae en una población adulta que requirió hospitalización en Bogotá, Colombia / Economic cost of Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia in an adult population that required hospitalization in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. Las infecciones por Streptococcus pneumoniae en adultos se relacionan con neumonía, meningitis y bacteriemia. El costo de la atención en personas adultas no está bien documentado en Colombia, pero puede ser significativo. Objetivo. Analizar los costos asociados con la neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae en adultos hospitalizados en Colombia y estimar el costo de la atención ambulatoria de esta neumonía. Servir de base para futuras evaluaciones económicas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de costos directos asociados a neumonía adquirida en comunidad, meningitis y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae confirmado por cultivos. Se tomó una muestra de conveniencia de adultos hospitalizados entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2011 en tres hospitales de tercer nivel de Bogotá. Se analizaron 107 registros y se obtuvieron 60 facturas cobradas al pagador. La información se clasificó por costos de atención y tratamiento. Para los casos ambulatorios de neumonía, el estimativo de costos se hizo utilizando metodología Delphi con expertos clínicos. Resultados. El promedio de los costos directos totales asociados con neumonía fue de Col$ 12´178.949, Col$ 7´533.187 para meningitis y Col$ 9´242.806 para bacteriemia. La neumonía se presentó en 70 % de los hombres y 30 % de las mujeres; la meningitis se distribuyó igual en ambos sexos (50 %) y la bacteriemia se presentó en 67 % de los hombres y 33 % de las mujeres. El costo por adulto de la atención ambulatoria de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad se estimó en Col$ 106.174. Para casos especiales se incrementó a Col$ 164.695. Conclusión. La enfermedad neumocócica en adultos, especialmente mayores de 45 años, representa un alto costo por el empleo de medicamentos y la estancia hospitalaria, que causan un impacto en los recursos del sistema. La prevención y el tratamiento temprano de las neumonías pueden disminuir costos y reducir la carga de enfermedad.

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in adults is related to pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia. Its care costs in adults are not well documented in Colombia and it has a greater impact in people over 45 years old. Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the associated costs of pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis in invasive S. pneumoniae infection in Colombia among hospitalized adults and to estimate outpatient costs for community-acquired pneumonia. Additionally, we wanted to serve as a starting point for future economic evaluations. Materials and methods: We performed a direct cost study associated with S. pneumoniae outpatient community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis costs confirmed by cultures. A cohort of hospitalized adults treated between January 2010 and June 2011 in three third level hospitals in Bogotá was analyzed. We evaluated 107 records and 60 bills charged to the payer. The data were classified according to care and treatment costs. We performed an estimate of direct costs for community-acquired pneumonia for outpatient cases through Delphi methodology using expert clinicians. Results: The average direct costs associated with pneumococcal disease were US$ 6,283, US$ 3,886, and US$ 4,768 for pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia, respectively (exchange rate 1 US$ = Col$ 1,938.34; average variation between 2010 and 2011). Pneumonia cases were 70% men and 30% women; the distribution for meningitis was the same for both genders (50%); and for bacteremia we had 67% men and 33% women. O utpatient cost of community-acquired pneumonia was estimated at US$ 82.2 ( Col $ 159,280 ) in adults. For special cases, direct cost increased to US$ 142 ( Col $ 274,427). Conclusions: The management of S. pneumoniae infection in people over 45 years old represents a high cost due to the use of drugs and hospitalization, which has a direct impact on health resources. Prevention and early treatment for pneumonia can reduce the cost and the burden of the disease.

Incidencia y etiología de la bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéteres venosos centrales en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos / Incidence and etiology of bacteremia associated with the use of central venous catheters in a pediatric intensive care unit

Las infecciones intrahospitalarias determinan un aumento en la morbimortalidad de los pacientes. La infección asociada al uso de catéteres intravenosos es la más frecuente en las unidades de cuidado intensivos. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y etiología de bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéteres venosos centrales en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños (UCIN) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional entre el 1 de diciembre de 2009 hasta el 1 de julio de 2010. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes hospitalizados en UCIN, que cumplieran con la definición de paciente de Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo del National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) y que portaran un catéter venoso central. La fuente de recolección de datos fueron las historias clínicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 94 niños con vías centrales, un total de 109 vías, 988 días de cateterización. Se identificaron cinco casos de bacteriemias asociadas al catéter, una densidad de incidencia de bacteriemia asociada al catéter de 5.06 casos por cada 1000 días de cateterización. Los gérmenes aislados fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae y Candida albicans. En todos los casos el tiempo de positivización diferencial del hemocultivo obtenido del catéter venoso fue menor a 2 horas frente al obtenido por punción periférica. Conclusiones: el valor hallado de incidencia de infección asociada al uso de catéter fue elevado y es necesario implementar medidas destinadas a disminuirla...

Celulite periorbitária pneumocócica: uma entidade rara em Pediatria / Pneumococcal periorbital cellulitis: a rare entity in Pediatrics

Objetivos: Relatar um caso clínico raro de celulite periorbitária pneumocócica em idade pediátrica. Descrição: Criança do sexo masculino, 18 meses de idade, recorreu à Urgência Pediátrica (UP) por febre, tosse não produtiva e vómitos, com exame físico sem alterações. As hipóteses diagnósticas colocadas foram: síndrome febril virusal, pneumonia ou infecção urinária. Realizou-se estudo analítico, análise sumária de urina e radiografia do tórax que não revelaram alterações. Teve alta com hemocultura e urocultura em curso. Recorreu, 24 horas depois, por manutenção da febre e vómitos. À admissão, constatou-se irritabilidade e sinais inflamatórios periorbitários à direita. Perante o diagnóstico de celulite periorbitária, foi iniciado cefuroxime endovenoso e decidido o internamento. Ao terceiro dia de internamento, a antibioterapia foi alterada para ceftriaxone, por agravamento clínico, tendo-se verificado apirexia 36 horas após essa alteração. Na primeira hemocultura colhida, foi identificado um Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistente à penicilina e cefuroxime. A evolução clínica foi favorável, com alta para o Hospital de Dia, para cumprimento terapêutico. Conclusões: A literatura alerta para a existência dessa entidade cada vez mais rara em Pediatria após a introdução da vacinação antipneumocócica. No entanto, o diagnóstico de presunção é importante, visto que essa condição é raramente identificada à admissão.

Objectives: To report a rare clinical case of a pneumococcal periorbital cellulitis in pediatric age. Description: A male child with 18 months presented to the Pediatric Emergency Department (PE) with fever, nonproductive cough and vomiting. Physical examination was unremarkable. The diagnostic hypotheses were: viral febrile syndrome, pneumonia or urinary tract infection. An analytical study, urine analysis and chest x-rays were performed and no changes were detected. The patient was discharged with urine and blood culture in progress. Twenty-four hours later, the patient presented again to the PE due to fever and vomiting maintenance. On admission, the child presented with periorbital inflammatory signals at the right side and irritability. Periorbital cellulitis was diagnosed and antibiotic treatment was initiated with intravenous cefuroxime. Patient hospitalization was decided. In the third day of hospitalization, antibiotic therapy was changed to ceftriaxone, due to clinical worsening. Apyrexia was found 36 hours after this change. In the first blood culture, it was identified a Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and cefuroxime. The clinical outcome was favorable, with discharge to Day Hospital, to comply therapy. Conclusions: The literature points to the existence of this entity increasingly rare in the pediatric patients after the introduction of pneumococcal vaccination. However, the presumptive diagnosis is important, since this condition is rarely identified at admission.

Epidemiologie et profil de sensibilite des isolats d'hemocultures dans un centre hospitalo universitaire marocain

Introduction : L'antibiotherapie des bacteriemies est generalement empirique dans les premieres 48 heures; fondee sur les connaissances epidemiologiques prealables et sur la frequence de sensibilite aux antibiotiques des bacteries en cause. Objectif : L'objectif de cette etude est de determiner le profil epidemiologique et la sensibilite aux antibiotiques des bacteries isolees des hemocultures dans un centre hospitalo-universitaire; afin d'optimiser l'antibiotherapie probabiliste des bacteriemies en milieu hospitalier.Materiels et Methode : Il s'agit d'une etude descriptive realisee sur une periode de 18 mois; allant de janvier 2008 au juin 2009 au niveau du laboratoire de Microbiologie du CHU Mohammed VI de Marrakech. Resultats : Cent quarante six souches bacteriennes non repetitives ont ete colligees; les bacilles a gram negatif ont represente 52;7. Les especes les plus frequemment isolees etaient Staphylococcus aureus (21;3); Enterobacter cloacae (14); Acinetobacter baumannii (12;3) et Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8;9). La resistance a l'oxacilline etait de 48;3pour Staphylococcus aureus. Aucune souche resistante aux glycopeptides n'a ete trouvee chez les souches d'enterocoques et de staphylocoques isolees. Les enterobacteries etaient resistantes aux cephalosporines de troisieme generation dans 64;3des cas avec un phenotype de betalactamase a spectre elargi. La proportion de bacilles a Gram negatif non fermentaires resistants a l'imipeneme etait de 49;9. Conclusion : Une surveillance epidemiologique des bacteriemies en milieu hospitalier est necessaire pour mieux guider l'antibiotherapie probabiliste

Acute enteritis associated with pneumococcal bacteremia.

We describe an elderly male who had a two day history of fever, abdominal pain and watery loose motions. Clinical examination was positive for abdominal right lower quadrant tenderness and moderate dehydration. Stool examination revealed inflammatory diarrhea. Considering the high prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing Gram-negative infections, he was treated with Piperacillin/Tazobactam. Surprisingly, his blood culture which was taken on admission returned positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae after two days, which was coincident with resolution of fever and diarrhea. This patient had no other clinically apparent source of Pneumococcal infection and we believe that he had Pneumococcal enteritis with bacteremia. There are very few reported cases of isolated Pneumococcal enteritis in the literature. Therefore, we report this unusual form of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection both because of its rarity and its potentially life-threatening but still curable nature. ©

Enfoque terapéutico de la bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus / Therapeutic approach to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Staphylococcus aureus es un patógeno importante que causa cerca de 11 por ciento a 33 por ciento de las bacteriemias hospitalarias y un porcentaje importante de las adquiridas en la comunidad, con una tasa de complicaciones cercana a 50 por ciento. En la siguiente revisión se destaca la epidemiología de la bacteriemia por S. aureus, con especial referencia a la situación de este patógeno en Colombia, la frecuencia y los mecanismos de resistencia a los medicamentos más frecuentemente usados en este contexto, y se discuten los elementos semiológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio que influyen en el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de los pacientes con bacteriemia por este microorganismo.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, responsible for 11-33% of the bacteremias acquired in the hospital setting and nearly 50% of those acquired in the community at large. The epidemiology of S. aureus bacteremia is discussed, with an special emphasis on the situation in Colombia and the resistance mechanisms against the major drug groups used for the treatment. The clinical keys and laboratory support for the appropriate clinical approaches are presented together with the therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with S. aureus bacteremia.

Bacteremias em pacientes internados em hospital universitário / Bacteremias at a teaching hospital: etiology, antimicrobial susceptibiliy pattern and risk factors for mortality

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de bacteremias, seu perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, e fatores associados ao óbito, em hospital universitário, no período de 1° de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2001. MÉTODOS: Coorte retrospectiva. Pacientes maiores de 1 ano de idade, com bacteremia laboratorialmente confirmada e clinicamente significativa foram incluídos no estudo. Realizada análise de sobrevida multivariada, seguindo o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. RESULTADOS: Foram detectados 295 episódios de bacteremia. O patógeno mais freqüente foi o Staphylococcus aureus: 118 (40 por cento), com 55,9 por cento de MRSA. A letalidade pela bacteremia foi de 34,5 por cento. Os fatores de risco independentes para o óbito foram terapia inicial inadequada (HR ajustado 2,05 IC 95 por cento: 1,25-3,36) e gravidade da apresentação clínica (HR ajustado 5,52 IC 95 por cento: 3,15-9,69). CONCLUSÃO: Nosso estudo mostrou elevada letalidade associada a bacteremia, com alta freqüência de MRSA. A terapia inicial inadequada e a gravidade da apresentação clínica foram fatores de risco independentes para o óbito pela bacteremia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and profile of bacteremia, its antimicrobial susceptibility and to analyze predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections (BSI) at this Teaching Hospital from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2001. METHODS: Design: retrospective cohort. Patients over one year old with clinically significant episodes of BSI which were microbiologically documented were included in the study. The Cox proportional hazards risk model was applied to identify prognostic factors related to death by bacteremia. RESULTS: A total of 295 episodes of BSI were detected. The most common pathogen was S. aureus: 118 (40.0 percent), with 55.9 percent of MRSA. Mortality associated with bacteremia was 34.5 percent. Independent predictors of mortality were: inadequate initial therapy (HR adjusted 2.05 IC95 percent: 1.25-3.36) and severity of the clinical manifestations (HR adjusted 5.52 IC95 percent: 3.15-9.69). CONCLUSION: This study disclosed high mortality rates due to BSI and a high frequency of MRSA. Inadequate initial therapy and severity of clinical manifestations were significantly and independently associated with mortality.

Survey of bloodstream infection isolates: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1997-2002)

Regional antimicrobial surveillance programs might help to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy. This study reports the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 2198 isolates from bloodstream infections in a period of 1997 to 2002. Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution methods. The most frequent organism was Staphylococcus aureus (23.4%) with an oxacillin-resistance rate of 41.8%. Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases phenotype was presented in 10.0% of Escherichia coli and 49.4% in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Imipenem and meropenem were active against 74.3% and 84.0% of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Bacterial resistance continues to be a great problem in Argentinean medical centers.

Predictors of poor outcome in neonates with bacterial sepsis admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies / Predictores de resultados clínicos pobres en recién nacidos con sepsis bacteriana, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies

To determine factors that affect outcome in neonates with culture-proven sepsis, the charts of all neonates with culture-proven sepsis admitted to the University Hospital of the West Indies between January 1995 and December 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Neonates who survived without developing any complications (favourable outcome group) were compared with those who died and/or developed severe complications during the course of treatment (poor outcome group). Chi-square tests were done to determine factors associated with poor outcome; univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were also performed. One hundred and thirty-five neonates had culture-proven sepsis, of which 89 (66) were term infants and 46 (34) were preterm. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. One hundred and twenty-six (93) survived and 9 (7) died. Case fatality rates were higher for premature infants (15) than for term infants (2). Twenty-four (18) of the neonates with culture proven sepsis had a poor outcome. Gram negative organisms accounted for 19 (70) of the cases with poor outcome. Prematurity (p < 0.001), very low birthweight (p < 0.001) and female gender (p < 0.05) were factors associated with poor outcome. Strategies aimed at decreasing morbidity and mortality in neonates with sepsis must include measures that will decrease the incidence of prematurity and low birthweight.

A fin de determinar los factores que afectan la evolución clínica de los recién nacidos con sepsis probada por cultivo, se realizo un estudio retrospectivo de las estadísticas de todos los neonatos con sepsis probada por cultivo, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies entre enero de 1995 y diciembre de 2000. Los neonatos que sobrevivieron sin desarrollar complicación alguna (el grupo de resultados clínicos favorables) fueron comparados con los que murieron y/o desarrollaron complicaciones severas durante el curso del tratamiento (el grupo de resultados clínicos pobres). Se realizaron pruebas de chi-cuadrado para determinar los factores asociados con los resultados clínicos pobres. También se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión logística univariable y multivariable. Ciento treinta y cinco recién nacidos presentaron sepsis probada por cultivo. De ellos, 89 (66%) eran infantes de término y 46 (34%) de pre-término. La proporción varón/hembra fue 1.6:1. Ciento veintiséis (93%) sobrevivieron y 9 (7%) murieron. Las tasas de fatalidades fueron más altas para los infantes prematuros (15%) que para los infantes de término (2%). Veinticuatro (18%) de los neonatos con sepsis probada por cultivo tuvieron resultados clínicos pobres. Organismos gram-negativos fueron la causa de 19 (70%) de los casos con resultado clínico pobre. La prematuridad (p <0.001), el peso extremadamente bajo al nacer (p <0.001) y el sexo femenino (p <0.05) fueron factores asociados con el resultado clínico pobre. Las estrategias dirigidas a disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad en los recién nacidos con sepsis tienen que incluir medidas que reduzcan la incidencia de la prematuridad y el bajo peso.

Bacteriophage in the treatment of experimental septicemic mice from a clinical isolate of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Drug resistance is the major cause of increase in morbidity and mortality in neonates. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains requires the exploration of alternative antibacterial therapies and the concern that human kind in re-entering the 'pre-antibiotic era' has become very real and the development of alternative anti-infection modalities has become one of the highest priorities of modern medicine and biotechnology. This has spurred biomedical researchers to expand their efforts to identify new technologies and products that employ novel mechanism of action against the "super-bugs". One of such alternatives stems up from an old idea is the bacteriophage therapy, which led our group to study the ability of bacterial viruses (bacteriophages or phages) to rescue septicemic mice with multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from neonatal septicemia. The phage strain used in this study had lytic activity against a wide range of clinical isolates of MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae. One of these MDR Klebsiella strain was used to induce septicemia in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10(9) CFU. The resulting bacteremia was fatal within 48 h. A single i.p. injection of 3x10(8) PFU of the phage strain administered 45 min after the bacterial challenge, was sufficient to rescue 100% of the animals. Even when treatment was delayed to the point where all animals were moribund, approximately 50% of them were rescued by a single injection of this phage preparation. The ability of this phage to rescue septicemic mice was demonstrated to be due to the functional capabilities of the phage and not to a nonspecific immune effect. The rescue of septicemic mice could be affected only by phage strains able to grow in vitro on the bacterial host used to infect the animals and when such strains are heat inactivated they lose their ability to rescue the infected mice.

Bacteriemias por staphylococcus aureus: análisis de 102 episodios / Staphylococus areus bacteremia: snalysis of 102 cases

Staphylococcus aureus es un agente patógeno que coloniza e infecta a pacientes con o sin alteraciones inmunológicas, hospitalizados o provenientes de la comunidad. La incidencia de bacteriemias por S. aureus se ha incrementado en los últimos años, provocando un fuerte impacto en la morbimortalidad. Entre el 1/1/89 y el 31/12/92 se analizaron 102 episodios de bacteriemia por S. aureus en el hospital Garrahan. El 76,5 por ciento de los pacientes tenían enfermedad de base; las neoplasias fueron las más frecuentes. El 62 por ciento de los episodios correspondío a infecciones intrahospitalarias. Se detectó un foco secundario en el 29 por ciento de los niños estudiados, predominando la localización osteoarticular. La mortalidad global de los pacientes fue de 21,6 por ciento. La hipotensión arterial se reveló como un factor de riesgo de mortalidad (RR 4,65 IC 95 por ciento 2,38 a 9,08). El lugar donde se contrajo la infección, la presencia de foco clínico de infección, la leucopenia y la enfermedad de base de los pacientes no fueron factores que influyeron en la mortalidad. Se observó una mayor mortalidad en los pacientes con bacteriemias por S. aureus meticilino-resistenete y en los menores de 1 año.